It emphasizes a powerful first strike, intended to kill an enemy instantly. Jigen-ryu was founded in the late sixteenth century.
It contains some principles of aikido: instead of killing an enemy, the style encourages the use of disarming techniques. Shinkage-ryu emphasizes flowing, subtle movements, and uses a longer and thinner blade. Yagyu Shinkage-ryu was the first style of the Tokugawa shogunate, before they began using Ono-ha Itto-ryu. Modern kendo, the sport form of kenjutsu, derives its underlying philosophy from Itto-ryu. According to Fighting Arts, Ono-ha Itto-ryu curriculum has over 150 techniques, many of which involve a direct downward cut through the center line of the body, often using the wrists as a target during their raised position when ready to attack. Ono-ha Itto-ryu's name translates to "one sword." The underlying principles of the style, and the branches of Itto-ryu that followed it, rely on a single powerful cut to defeat the enemy. Mugai-ryu's iaijutsu curriculum incorporates two-person forms to help students achieve a sense of distance. Advanced students move on to tameshigiri exercises, which involve cutting targets to ensure proper form and blade angle during a cut.
Students train with bokken-wooden swords-or iaito, aluminum training swords with a dulled edge. It has both kenjutsu and iaijutsu techniques. The Chicago Mugai-ryu Study Group manual explains that this style has existed since 1691. Katori Shinto-ryu headmasters enjoy the status of Living National Treasures of Japan. The style encompasses training in the use of the katana, the bo staff, the halberd-like naginata, the spear and in empty-hand combat through jujitsu. According to Koryu, an index of traditional Japanese martial arts, Katori Shinto-ryu dates to 1447 and has had 20 headmasters based in Japan. Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu remains the oldest surviving school of Japanese swordsmanship.
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